tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-84977958115766430572024-02-08T09:58:56.633-08:00Metode PenelitianSudihati H.http://www.blogger.com/profile/05497092820194349186noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8497795811576643057.post-4427833415479813422011-05-18T01:36:00.000-07:002011-05-18T01:36:05.940-07:00Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Penelitian Ilmiah<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MODUL</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> ILMU PENGETAHUAN DAN PENELITIAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ILMU</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Deskripsi Mata Kuliah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 144.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -144.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mata Ajar / SKS<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Metodologi Penelitian/2 SKS<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 144.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -144.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(180 menit)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Program/ Angkatan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Reguler/ 2009</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Semester/ Tahun ajaran</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">: 1V/ 20</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">0</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- 201</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Nama Dosen<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sudihati Hamid, S.Pd,M.Kes</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pokok Bahasan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Penelitian Ilmiah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span lang="IN"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 148.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -148.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Standar Kompetensi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mampu </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">memahami peranan penelitian <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 148.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -148.85pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam perkembangan ilmu dan teknologi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 148.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -148.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kompetensi Dasar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan tentang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">peranan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 148.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -148.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pe</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">nelitian ilmiah dalam perkembangan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ilmu dan teknologi </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indikator <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Bisa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menjelaskan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">pengertian ilmu </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengetahuan dan penelitian ilmiah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span lang="IN"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mampu </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjelaskan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">implikasi penelitian </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terhadap perkembangan IPTEK.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mampu menjelaskan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">hubungan ilmu </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengetahuan dan penelitian ilmiah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mampu menjelaskan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">metode berpikir ilmiah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5. Bisa menjelaskan kategori penelitian.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Metode<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Ceramah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> dan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> tanya jawab</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Media<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Laptop, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LCD Pro</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">y</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ector</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, White Board</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span lang="IN"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kegiatan Pembelajaran termasuk evaluasi:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 520px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border-right: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.75pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Waktu</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-right: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 188.6pt;" valign="top" width="251"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kegiatan Dosen</span></b></div></td> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kegiatan Mahasiswa</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.75pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Pendahuluan (15 menit)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 188.6pt;" valign="top" width="251"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberi salam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menjelaskan judul, pokok bahasan, tujuan, dan manfaat pembelajaran</span></div></td> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menjawab salam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mendengarkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.75pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">2. Kegiatan Inti: Kuliah 150 menit)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 188.6pt;" valign="top" width="251"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menjelaskan materi tentang pengertian </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ilmu pengetahuan dan penelitian ilmiah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan kesempatan mahasiswa bertanya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan jawaban atas pertanyaan yang diajukan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menjelaskan materi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">te</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ntang implikasi penelitian tehadap pekembangan IPTEK</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan kesempatan mahasiswa bertanya </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan jawaban atas pertanyaan yang diajukan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menjelaskan materi tentang hubungan ilmu pengetahuan dan penelitian ilmiah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan kesempatan mahasiswa bertanya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan jawaban atas petanyaan yang diajukan </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menjelaskan materi tentang metode berpikir ilmiah</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan kesempatan kepada mahasiswa untuk bertanya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan jawaban atas pertanyaan yang diajukan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menjelaskan materi tentang kategori penelitian.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan kesempatan kepada mahasiswa untuk bertanya.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mendengarkan dan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mencatat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bertanya dengan kritis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mendengarkan dan mencatat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mendengarkan dan mencatat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bertanya dengan kritis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mendengarkan dan mencatat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mendengarkan dan mencatat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bertanya dengan kritis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mendengarkan dan mencatat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mendengarkan dan mencatat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bertanya dengan kritis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mendengarkan dan mencatat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mendengarkan dan mencatat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bertanya dengan kritis</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.75pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. Penutup (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">15</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> menit)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 188.6pt;" valign="top" width="251"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Melakukan evaluasi secara tertulis (kuis)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan jawaban kuis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Merangkum hasil pembelajaran</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberi salam </span></div></td> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menjawab pertanyaan pada selembar kertas</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengoreksi lembar jawaban teman </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mendengarkan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menjawab salam</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">EGIATAN BELAJAR</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Penelitian Ilmiah</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Proses Berpikir</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span lang="IN"></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ilmu lahir karena manusia diberkahi Tuhan suatu sifat ingin tahu. Keingintahuan seseorang tehadap pemasalahan disekelilingnya dapat menjurus kepada keingintahuan ilmiah. Misalnya dari pertanyaan apakah bulan mengelilingi bumi, apakah matahari mengelilingi bumi akan timbul keinginan manusia melakukan pengamatan secara sistematik, yang akhirnya melahirkan kesimpulan bahwa bumi itu bulat, bahwa bulan mengelilingi matahari dan bumi juga mengelilingi matahari. Jadi ilmu adalah pengetahuan yang telah teruji kebenarannya melalui metode-metode ilmiah. Oleh sebab itu, ilmu pada hakikatnya adalah pengetahuan ilmiah. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Seseorang yang telah memiliki ilmu atau pengetahuan ilmiah dituntut memiliki sifat-sifat terbuka, jujur, teliti, kritis, tidak mudah percaya tanpa adanya bukti-bukti, tidak cepat putus asa dengan pekerjaan atau hasil karyanya.Sifat-sifat tesebut merupakan pencerminan sikap ilmiah yang pada akhirnya mempengaruhi cara berpikir dan bertindak. Pengetahuan ilmiah yang telah dimiliki seseorang disertai sikap ilmiah yang ditunjukkannya dalam cara berpikirnya, hendaknya menjadi dasar dalam melakukan pekerjaan dalam menghasilkan karya-karya yang bersifat ilmiah pula baik berupa ilmu pengetahuan maupun teknologi. Dengan perkataan lain , karya ilmiah adalah hasil atau produk manusia yang dihasilkan atas dasar pengetahuan, sikap, dan cara berpikir ilmiah. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menurut Maranon (1953), ilmu mencakup lapangan yang sangat luas, menjangkau semua aspek tentang kemajuan manusia secara menyeluruh. Termasuk didalamnya pengetahuan yang telah dirumuskan secara sistematik melalui pengamatan dan percobaan yang terus menerus dan telah menjadi suatu penemuan kebenaran yang bersifat umum. Tan (1954) berpendapat bahwailmu bukan saja merupakan suatu himpunan pengetahuan yang sistematis, tetapi juga merupakan sustu metodologi. Ilmu telah memberikan metode dan system yang menjadikan sipenuntut ilmu menjadi seorang ilmiah, baik dalam ketrampilan, dalam pandangan maupun tindak tanduknya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ilmu membentuk kebiasaan serta ketrampilan observasi, percobaan (eksperimental), klasifikasi, analisis, serta membuat generalisasi. Dengan adanya keingintahuan manusia yang terus menerus, maka ilmu akan terus berkembang dan membantu kemampuan persepsi serta kemampuan berpikir secara logis seseorang, yang sering disebut penalaran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Konsep antara ilmu dan berpikir adalah sama. Dalam memecahkan masalah , ilmu dimulai dari adanya rasa sangsi dan kebutuhan akan suatu hal yang bersifat umum. Kemudian timbul sutu pertanyaan yang khas, dan selanjutnya dipilih suatu pemecahan tentatif untuk penyelidikan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Proses berpikir adalah suatu refleksi yang teratur dan hati-hati. Proses berpikir lahir dari suatu rasa sangsi akan sesuatu dan keinginan untuk memperoleh sutu ketentuan, yang kemudian tumbuh menjadi masalah yang khas. Masalah ini memerlukan suatu pemecahan dan untuk ini dilakukan penyelidikan terhadap data yang tersedia dengan metode yang tepat. Akhirnya , sebuah kesimpulan yang tentatif akan diterima, tetapi masih tetap di bawah penyelidikan yang kitis dan terus menerus untuk mengadakan evaluasi secara terbuka.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Biasanya, manusia normal selalu berpikir dengan situasi permasalahan. Apalagi jika masalah yang dihadapi adalah masalah yang rumit, maka manusia normal akan mencoba memecahkan masalah tersebut dengan langkah-langkah tertentu. Berpikir demikian dinamakan bepikir secra reflektif <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(reflective thinking). </i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bagaimanakah kira-kira proses yang terjadi ketika berpikir?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menurut Dewey (1933) proses berpikir dari manusia normal mempunyai urutan sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Timbul rasa sulit, baik dalam bentuk adaptasi terhadap alat, sulit mengenal sifat, ataupun dalam menerangkan ha-hal yang muncul secara tiba-tiba.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kemudian rasa sulit tersebut diberi batasan dalam bentuk permasalahan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Timbul suatu kemungkinan pemecahan yang berupa reka-reka, hipotesa, inferensi atau teori.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ide-ide pemecahan diuraikan secara rasional dengan jalan mengumpulkan bukti-bukti (data).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menguatkan pembuktian tentang ide-ide di atas dan menyimpulkannya baik melalui keterangan-keterangan ataupun percobaan-percobaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dari keterangan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa berpikir secara nalar mempunyai dua buah kriteria penting, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ada unsur logis di dalamnya dan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ada unsur analitis di dalamnya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ciri pertama dari berpikir adalah adanya unsur logis didalamnya. Tiap bentuk berpikir mempunyai logikanya tersendiri. Dengan perkataan lain berpikir secara logis tidak lain berpikir secara nalar.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ciri kedua dari berpikir adalah adanya unsur analitis di dalam berpikir itu sendiri. Dengan logika yang ada ketika berpikir, maka kegiatan berpikir itu secara sendirinya mempunyai sifat analitis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B. Berpikir deduktif dan Induktif</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Berpikir deduktif atau berpikir rasional merupakan sebagian dari berpikir ilmiah. Dalam logika deduktif, menarik suatu kesimpulan dimulai dari pernyataan umum menuju pernyataan-pernyataan khusus dengan menggunakan penalaran atau rasio (berpikir rasional). Hasil atau produk berpikir deduktif dapat digunakan untuk menyusun hipotesis, yakni jawaban sementara yang kebenarannya masi perlu diuji atau dibuktikan. Contoh berpikir deduktif: Dalam ilmu gizi dasar dinyatakan bahwa setiap jenis bahan makanan yang mengandung karbohidrat akan menghasilkan glukosa sebagai hasil akhir metabolisme dalam tubuh manusia (pernyataan umum). Beras, ubi kayu, mie, adalah bahan makanan yang mengandung karbohidrat (fakta-fakta khusus). Oleh sebab itu beras, ubi kayu, dan mie menghasilkan glukosa sebagai hasil akhir metabolisme dalam tubuh manusia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Proses berpikir induktif adalah kebalikan dari berpikir deduktif, yakni pengambilan kesimpulan dimulai dari pernyataan atau fakta-fakta khusus menuju kesimpulan yang bersifat umum. Proses berpikir induktif tidak dimulai dari teori yang bersifat umum tetapi dai fakta atau data khusus berdasarkan pengamatan di lapangan atau pengalaman empiris. Data dan fakta hasil pengamatan empiris disusun, diolah,dikaji, untuk kemudian ditarik maknanya dalam bentuk pernyataan atau kesimpulan yang bersifat umum. Contoh berpikir induktif : Indonesia negara berkembang IMR-nya tinggi, India negara berkembang IMR-nya tinggi, Tanzania negara berkembang IMR-nya tinggi, Brazilia negara berkembang IMR-nya tinggi. Jadi semua negara berkembang IMR-nya tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">C.Berpikir Ilmiah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Setiap karya ilmiah harus mengandung kebenaran ilmiah, yakni kebenaan yang tidak hanya didasarkan atas rasio, tetapi juga dapat dibuktikan secara empiris. Pada hakekatnya, berpikir secara ilmiah meupakan gabungan antara penalaran deduktif dan induktif. Masing-masing penalaran ini berkaitan erat dengan rasionalisme dan empirisme ,inilah yang menjadi dasar berpikir manusia. Rasionalisme mengandalkan kemampuan otak atau rasio atau penalaran, sedangkan empirisme mengandalkan bukti-bukti atau fakta nyata. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hipotesis diturunkan dari suatu teori, kemudia diuji melalui verifikasi data secara empiris. Dengan demikian tejadi siklus berpikir. Berpikir rasional mengasilkan hipotesis, kemudian kebenaran hipotesis mengalami pengujian secara empiris. Pengujian tersebut adalah dengan jalan mengumpulkan dan menganalisis data yang relevan untuk menarik kesimpulan apakah hipotesis itu benar atau tidak. Hipotesis yang ternyata didukung oleh fakta empiris dikukuhkan sebagai jawaban<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang definitif. Proses berpikir seperti di atas disebut juga metode logiko-hipotetiko-verivikatif atau disebut juga metode ilmiah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Langkah-langkah metode ilmiah adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengidentifikasi dan merumuskan masalah, yakni mengajukan pertanyaan-pertanyaan untuk dicai jawabnnya. Pertanyaan yang diajukan hendaknya problematic dalam pengertian mengandung banyak kemungkinan jawabannya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menetapkan Tujuan Penelitian, tujuan penelitian pada hakikatnya adalah suatu pernyataan tentang informasi (data) apa yang akan digali melalui penelitian tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Studi Kepustakaan, untuk memperoleh dukungan teoritis terhadap masalh penelitian yang dipilih. Kepustakaan bias diambil dari buku teks, hasil-hasil penelitian orang lain, majalah jurnal, dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Merumuskan Kerangka Konsep Penelitian, untuk memperoleh gambaran secara jelas kea arah mana penelitian itu berjalan, atau data apa yang dikumpulkan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengajukan hipotesis yakni jawaban sementara dari pertanyaan yang telah diajukan di atas. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Merumuskan Metode Penelitian, mencakup jenis dan desain penelitian yang akan digunakan, populasi dan sampel , cara dan alat ukur.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Verifikasi data, mengumpulkan data secara empiris kemudian mengolah dan menganalisis data untuk menguji kebenaran suatu hipotesis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menarik kesimpulan, artinya menentukan jawaban-jawaban definitif dari setiap masalah yang diajukan atas dasar pembuktian atau pengujian secara empiris untuk setiap hipotesis. Hipotesis yang tidak teruji kebenarannya tetap harus disimpulkan dengan memberikan pertimbangan dan penjelasan faktor penyebabnya. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Membuat Laporan, laporan penelitian pada dasarnya adalah penyajian data.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D. Penelitian Ilmiah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penelitian ilmiah adalah operasionalisasi dari berpikir ilmiah. Sebaiknya kita mengetahui dulu apa yang dimaksud dengan peneitian.Penelitian adalah terjemahan dari kata bahasa Inggeris <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">research </i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Research</i> itu sendiri berasal dari kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">re</i>, yang berarti “kembali” dan<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u> to search</u></i> yang berarti “mencari”. Dengan demikian arti sebenarnya dari research atau riset adalah “mencari kembali”. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menurut kamus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Webster’s new International</i>, penelitian adalah penyelidikan yang hati-hati dan kritis dalam mencari fakta dan prinsip-prinsip: suatu penyelidikan yang amat cerdik untuk menetapkan sesuatu. Menurut ilmuwan Hillway (1956) penelitian tidak lain dari suatu metode studi yang dilakukan seseorang melalui penyelidikan yang hati-hati sempurna terhadap suatu masalah, sehingga diperoleh pemecahan yang tepat terhadap masalah tersebut. Whitney (1960) menyatakan bahwa disamping untuk memperoleh kebenaran, kerja menyelidik harus pula dilakukan secara sungguh-sungguh dalam waktu yang lama. Dengan demikian penelitian merupakan suatu metode untuk menemukan kebenaran, sehingga penelitian juga merupakan metode berpikir secara kritis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Whitney mengutip beberapa definisi tentang penelitian yang diturunkan dibawah ini :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penelitian adalah pencarian atas sesuatu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(inquiry) </i>secara sistematis dengan penekanan bahwa pencarian ini dilakukan terhadap masalah-masalah yang dapat dipecahkan (Parsons, 1946). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penelitian adalah suatu pencarian fakta menurut metode objektif yang jelas untuk menemukan hubungan antar fakta dan menghasilkan dalil atau hokum (John, 1949)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dari tanggapan serta definisi-dfinisi tentang penelitian, maka nyata bahwa penelitian adalah suatu penyelidikan yang terorganisasi. Penelitian dapat diartikan sebagai pencarian pengetahuan dan pemberi artian yang terus menerus terhadap sesuatu. Penelitian juga merupakan percobaan yang hati-hati dan kritis untuk menemukan sesuatu yang baru.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peneltian dengan menggunakan metode ilmiah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(scientific method)</i> disebut penelitian ilmiah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(scientific research).</i> Dalam penelitian ilmiah ini selalu ditemukan dua unsur penting, yaitu unsur observasi (pengamatan) dan unsur nalar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(reasoning</i>) (Ostle, 1975). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unsur pengamatan merupakan kerja dengan mana pengetahuan mengenai fakta-fakta tertentu diperoleh melalui kerja mata (pengamatan) dengan menggunakan persepsi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(sense of perception). </i>Nalar, adalah sutu kekuatan dengan mana arti dari fakta-fakta, hubungan terhadap pengetahuan yang timbul ditetapkan sebagai pengetahuan yang sekarang;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ilmu dan penelitian mempunyai hubungan yang sangat erat. Menurut Almack (1930), hubungan anatara ilmu dan penelitian adalah seperti hasil dan proses. Penelitian adalah proses, sedangkan hasilnya adalah ilmu. Lihat gambar 1.1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penelitian</span></div></div></td> </tr>
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<tr> <td> <div> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ilmu</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(proses)<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(hasil)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Gambar 1.1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D. Kategori penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.penelitian empirik dan teoritik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pendekatan filosofik pada penelitian pada dasarnya ada dua jenis: peneltian empirik dan penelitian teoritik. Penelitian kesehatan pada umumnya menggunakan pendekatan empiric <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu pendekatan yang lebih berdasarkan pada pengamatan dan pengalaman daripada teori dan abstraksi. Penelitian epidemiologic, sebagai contoh , tergantung pada pengumpulan sistematik atas pengamatan terhadap kenyataan dalam populasi tertentu. Dan, meskipun mungkin saja dalam epidemiologi dan ilmu pengetahuan kesehatan lainnya mempelajari fenomena dalam abstraksi dengan model-model mathematic, kemajuan dalam memahami penyebab dan proses terjadinya penyakit tidak dapat dibuat tanpa suatu perbandingan konstruksi teoritik dengan apa yang secra nyata kita amati dalam populasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>empiric dalam ilmu pengetahuan kesehatan meliputi kuantifikasi, yang sebagian besar dicapai melalui 3 prosedur numerical yang berkaitan satu sama lain yaitu (a) pengukuran variabel, (b) estimasi parameter populasi (penetapan dan perbandingan<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> rates </i>rasio, dan proporsi, dll), (c) pengujian statistic pada hipotesis, atau meng-estimasi seberapa besar kemungkinan temuan kita dapat andalkan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perhitungan atas kemungkinan, atau probabilitas, sangat penting bagi penelitian biologic dan merupakan subtansi rancangan penelitian. Rancangan penelitian, harus memperhitungkan dan mempertahankan prinsip-prinsip kemungkinan dalam rangka menjamin keabsahan (validitas)nya. Metode statisticlah yang akan menjaga propabilitas dalam keingintahuan kita dan memungkinkan analisis dna penafsiran yang baik terhadap hasil. Statistik adalah alat yang memungkinkan penelitian kesehatan menjadi lebih empiric daripada abstrak, dan memungkinkan konfirmasi penemuan kita dengan pengamatan dan percobaan lebih lanjut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2. Penelitian dasar dan terapan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penelitian dapat terbagi secara fungsional dalam penelitian dasar (murni) dan penelitian terapan. Penelitian dasar biasanya meliputi suatu pencarian tanpa suatu tujuan yang ditentukan terhadap penggunaanya. Penelitian terapan berorientasi pada permasalahan , dan diarahkan untuk mencapai suatu tujuan yang telah ditentukan ;biasanya penelitian ini didorong oleh kebutuhan yang dirasakan dan diarahkan untuk memecahkan suatu permasalahan yang ada. Ada kontroversi yang berkelanjutan atas manfaat relative pada masyarakat dari penelitian dasar dan terapan; sebagian orang meng-klaim bahwa ilmu pengetahuan , yang sangat tergantung pada masyarakat agar memperoleh dukungannya, harus mengarahkan dirinya secara langsung pada pemecahan permasalahan manusia yang relevan , sementara sebagian orang yang lain mengatakan bahwa ilmu pengetahuan merupakan hasil penelitian dasar. Secara umum diketahui bahwa ada kebutuhan keseimbangan yang sehat antara dua jenis penelitian ini, dengan masyarakat yang lebih maju dan berteknologi tinggi dapat mendukung penelitian dasar dalam suatu proporsi lebih besar di banding masyarakat yang kurang sumber-simber dayanya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">TUGAS</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="IN">Ilmu pengetahuan lahir karena adanya sifat ingin tahu orang yang terus menerus yang menyebabkan terjadinya <b><u>proses berpikir</u></b></span></span><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></u></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan bagaimana langkah-langkah proses berpikir terjadi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Apa yang dimaksud dengan proses berpikir induktif dan deduktif.? Jelaskan!</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jelaskan langkah-langkah metode ilmiah!</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jelaskan dua kategori penelitian!</span></div><ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Langkah awal yang penting dari penelitian adalah <b><u>perumusan masalah</u></b>.</span></li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan masalah.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan ciri-ciri perumusan masalah yang baik</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buatlah satu contoh <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">perumusan masalah</b> penelitian, lengkapi dengan rumusan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Judul </b>penelitian dan rumusan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tujuan umum</b> dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tujuan khusus</b> penelitian tersebut.</span></li>
</ol></ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">TUGAS</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan lah pembagian dari film itu sendiri dan contoh penerapan nya yang biasa ditemukan dalam sebuah film!</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah kewajiban dan hak seorang produser dalam sebuah film, dan jelaskan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagaimana agar pengaruhnya dalam sebuah film! </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskanlah apa saja yang dibutuhkan dalam membuat sebuah film beserta contohnya!</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Sudihati H.http://www.blogger.com/profile/05497092820194349186noreply@blogger.com0